This ultimately causes those red blood cells to rupture, destroying them entirely. In small amounts, rejected blood can be filtered out by the kidneys, but larger transfusion amounts could cause kidney failure and, potentially, death. Although people often donate whole blood, platelets and plasma from donors are also used. Donations are separated into different components before transfusions occur, depending on the needs of the recipient.
So, if someone with Type O blood was to try and donate plasma to someone with Type B blood, that plasma would contain anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Those anti-B antibodies would then attack the red blood cells of the Type B recipient. This could result in miscarriage or stillbirth.
If a placental breach occurs and the two blood types mix, the destruction of red blood cells can cause the waste product bilirubin to accumulate , giving the baby a yellow color and leading to the condition commonly known as jaundice in the hours immediately after birth. Jaundice, however, is a treatable condition that normally does not pose any long-term harm to the infant.
Severe conditions caused by extremely high bilirubin levels, such as acute bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus , only ensue if jaundice is left untreated and are fairly rare given that the signs of jaundice --yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes--are easy to spot.
Although there is a slight risk that anaemia may occur following ABO incompatibility reaction , the infant will usually be monitored for low red blood cell count at the first sign of jaundice. Protein Incompatibility? Rh incompatibility reactions, although more common, poise a similarly low level of concern. These antibodies pose no risk to the mother following the birth of her first child, but if a second pregnancy occurs and blood mixing occurs once more, these antibodies will attack the red blood cells of the fetus and lead to anaemia.
If she has, the fetus can be monitored and if necessary, receive a blood transfusion through the umbilical cord while in utero. For more information on fetal and newborn treatment, see Treatment Overview. If you are unsensitized Rh-negative, treatment focuses on preventing Rh sensitization during pregnancy and childbirth.
Rh immune globulin such as WinRho is a highly effective treatment for preventing sensitization. Rh immune globulin is also needed within 72 hours after vaginal bleeding, a miscarriage, partial molar pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or abortion. Use of Rh immune globulin is effective in preventing Rh sensitization. Rh immune globulin contains Rh antibodies that have been purified from human donors. This treatment prevents an unsensitized Rh-negative mother from making antibodies against her fetus's Rh-positive blood.
If an affected fetus younger than 34 weeks needs to be delivered, corticosteroid medicine betamethasone or dexamethasone may be given to the mother to speed fetal lung development before a premature birth.
An intrauterine fetal blood transfusion is sometimes used to supply healthy blood to a fetus with severe hemolytic disease of the newborn also called Rh disease or erythroblastosis fetalis. A blood transfusion or exchange transfusion is sometimes given to a newborn to treat severe anemia or jaundice related to Rh disease. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Learn How this information was developed. To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise. All rights reserved. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Top of the page. Topic Overview What is Rh sensitization during pregnancy? What causes Rh sensitization during pregnancy?
If you are at risk, Rh sensitization can almost always be prevented. If you are already sensitized, treatment can help protect your baby.
Who gets Rh sensitization during pregnancy? If the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive, there is a good chance the baby will have Rh-positive blood. Rh sensitization can occur. If both parents have Rh-negative blood, the baby will have Rh-negative blood. Since the mother's blood and the baby's blood match, sensitization will not occur.
How is Rh sensitization diagnosed? If you have Rh-negative blood but are not sensitized: The blood test may be repeated between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. If the test still shows that you are not sensitized, you probably will not need another antibody test until delivery. You might need to have the test again if you have an amniocentesis, if your pregnancy goes beyond 40 weeks, or if you have a problem such as abruptio placenta , which could cause bleeding in the uterus.
Your baby will have a blood test at birth. If the newborn has Rh-positive blood, you will have an antibody test to see if you were sensitized during late pregnancy or childbirth.
You may have: Regular blood tests, to check the level of antibodies in your blood. Doppler ultrasound , to check blood flow to the baby's brain. This can show anemia and how severe it is.
Amniocentesis after 15 weeks, to check the baby's blood type and Rh factor and to look for problems. How is Rh sensitization prevented?
You may get a shot of Rh immune globulin: If you have a test such as an amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling CVS. If bleeding occurs during pregnancy.
At time of miscarriage, induced abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy. Trauma to the abdomen during pregnancy. Around week 28 of your pregnancy.
After delivery if your newborn is Rh-positive. How is it treated? If the baby's anemia is mild, you will just have more testing than usual while you are pregnant. The baby may not need any special treatment after birth.
If anemia is getting worse, it may be safest to deliver the baby early. After delivery, some babies need a blood transfusion or treatment for jaundice. For severe anemia, a baby can have a blood transfusion while still in the uterus. This can help keep the baby healthy until he or she is mature enough to be delivered. You may have an early C-section , and the baby may need to have another blood transfusion right after birth. Cause Rh sensitization can occur when a person with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood.
Symptoms If you are already Rh-sensitized or become Rh-sensitized while pregnant, you will not have any unusual symptoms.
What Happens If you are Rh-negative Unless you are given Rh immune globulin just before or after a high-risk event, such as miscarriage, amniocentesis, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, or childbirth, you have a chance of becoming sensitized to an Rh-positive fetus's blood.
If you have been Rh-sensitized in the past If you have been Rh-sensitized in the past, you must be closely watched during any pregnancy with an Rh-positive partner, because your fetus is more likely to have Rh-positive blood.
Mild Rh disease involves limited destruction of fetal red blood cells, possibly resulting in mild fetal anemia. The fetus can usually be carried to term and requires no special treatment but may have problems with jaundice after birth. Mild Rh disease is more likely to develop in the first pregnancy after sensitization has occurred. Moderate Rh disease involves the destruction of larger numbers of fetal red blood cells. The fetus may develop an enlarged liver and may become moderately anemic.
The fetus may need to be delivered before term and may require a blood transfusion before while in the uterus or after birth. A newborn with moderate Rh disease is watched closely for jaundice.
Severe Rh disease fetal hydrops involves widespread destruction of fetal red blood cells. The fetus develops severe anemia, liver and spleen enlargement, increased bilirubin levels, and fluid retention edema. The fetus may need one or more blood transfusions before birth.
A fetus with severe Rh disease who survives the pregnancy may need a blood exchange. This procedure replaces most of the infant's blood with donor blood usually type O, Rh-negative.
A history of pregnancy with Rh disease is a sign that you will need special treatment when you are pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus. What Increases Your Risk Rh sensitization can occur when a person with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood.
Things that increase the risk of blood mixing and sensitization during pregnancy include: Delivery. Abdominal trauma, such as from a car crash. Abdominal surgery, such as a caesarean section. Abruptio placenta or placenta previa , both of which can cause placental bleeding. External cephalic version for a breech fetus. Obstetric procedures such as amniocentesis , fetal blood sampling, or chorionic villus sampling CVS.
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