A group of medieval scribes who preserved and transmitted the written Hebrew text and developed the system of vowel markings that eventually were added to the consonantal text. Relating to the Masoretes, a group of medieval scribes who preserved and transmitted the written Hebrew text of the Bible.
The historical period generally spanning from the fifth century to the fifteenth century C. A collection of first-century Jewish and early Christian writings that, along with the Old Testament, makes up the Christian Bible.
Also called the Hebrew Bible, those parts of the canon that are common to both Jews and Christians. The designation "Old Testament" places this part of the canon in relation to the New Testament, the part of the Bible canonical only to Christians. Because the term "Old Testament" assumes a distinctly Christian perspective, many scholars prefer to use the more neutral "Hebrew Bible," which derives from the fact that the texts of this part of the canon are written almost entirely in Hebrew.
Of or belonging to any of several branches of Christianity, especially from Eastern Europe and the Middle East, whose adherents trace their tradition back to the earliest Christian communities. Lowercase "orthodox" , this term means conforming with the dominant, sanctioned ideas or belief system. Relating to the period in Judean history following the Babylonian exile — B.
Those biblical books written by or attributed to prophets such as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. The world's largest Christian church organization administered by hierarchy made up of a single pope and a network of cardinals, bishops, priests, and renunciates such as nuns and monks.
The third division of the Jewish canon, also called by the Hebrew name Ketuvim. The other two divisions are the Torah Pentateuch and Nevi'im Prophets ; together the three divisions create the acronym Tanakh, the Jewish term for the Hebrew Bible. Six Days of Creation and the Sabbath 1In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth,2the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face o View more.
So also the Son of Man is about to suf Site HarperCollins Dictionary. Add this:. Ask a Scholar. Four Gospels Mark Goodacre on the number of canonical Gospels. What is the Bible? Timothy Beal on how the Bible came to be and continues to evolve. Attridge on the formation of the New Testament. HarperCollins Dictionary Apocalypse.
John the Baptist. John, The Gospel According to. Psalms, The. Trustworthy; reliable; of texts, the best or most primary edition. An authoritative collection of texts generally accepted as scripture. Belonging to the canon of a particular group; texts accepted as a source of authority.
An abbreviated reference to the source of a piece of information. Characteristic of a deity a god or goddess. A gospel is an account that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. Of or relating to Greek culture, especially ancient Greece after Alexander the Great. Of or relating to systems of ideas and commitments, often social and political in nature. Textual documents, usually handwritten. The leader of an early Christian group that came to be considered heretical.
Relating to thought about the nature and behavior of God. As the Jewish scholar Moshe Goshen-Gottstein put it, where Christians see the Bible as a story about God, humanity and salvation, Jews read it as being about God, people and land. The story of Adam and Eve is a minor theme. There is no grand narrative in the Hebrew Bible, certainly not one that would culminate in the coming of Jesus, but more a collection of individual stories, sayings and teachings that together constitute a tissue of instructions on how to live a good life as a Jew.
The prophetic books do not come last so as to lead into the New Testament, but follow the Torah the books of Moses as commentary on it. The Bible is so variegated that it can support both these and, probably, many other ways of reading it, while mandating none.
The Christian and the Jewish readings of the Hebrew Bible are both driven by forces external to the actual text. For Christians, the writings of Paul, part of the New Testament, are one such major influence.
He initiated the reading of the Hebrew Bible in terms of a universal human disaster, followed by a rescue mission focused in Jesus. This interpretation then became standard in the Church throughout the early centuries, and has remained so to this day. For Jews, after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE—an event that forced a reorientation of the way the religion was observed—the rabbinic tradition increasingly saw the Bible as a closed corpus that could be used as a guide for living in the present, rather than as orientated to the future of the world.
Mainstream Judaism has continued to read the text as torah —guidance for living a Jewish life—though there have been, and are, groups that still look for a coming divine intervention in world affairs. We could portray the relation of the Bible and the faiths that claim it as their basis by a diagram of intersecting circles. Both Judaism and Christianity overlap significantly with their Bibles, and are not thinkable without them.
Yet from the Bible one could not read off either faith as we in fact encounter them. In this light, the Bible is often seen as the primary source that helps us figure out how the people of God should live.
Rather, most Christians make these difficult determinations by studying what the whole of Scripture says regarding a specific topic, exploring the linguistic, historical and cultural context within which the words were written, and then putting these discoveries in conversation with what we know to be true of the character of God more broadly. Whenever any person opens the Bible, they begin a process of interpretation. But, the question is begged, is this a fair and accurate assessment?
Are there such things as neutral interpretations? Is there one true or correct way to interpret the Bible, and if so, who determines that? The study of biblical interpretation is called hermeneutics, and helps us to address these kinds of questions. More specifically, we are seeking to determine if the biblical writers were condemning specific practices related to sexuality in the ancient world, or were they indeed condemning all same-sex relationships of any kind for the rest of time?
While gender complimentarity is indeed rooted in passages from Genesis 1 and 2, it is worth noting that these stories say God began by creating human beings of male and female sex defined as the complex result of combinations between chromosomes, gonads, genes, and genitals but there is nothing that indicates in Scripture that God only created this binary. This account says little to nothing about gender, the social and cultural norms and practices corresponding to what is considered masculine and feminine.
Two dimensions of the text that become important in considering the biblical affirmation of intersex, transgender, non-binary, and other gender diverse people, discussed at more length here.
This was what allowed the first Christians to decide to include gentiles who were not keeping the Old Testament law in the early church Acts What they did suggest was that the obvious exclusion, injustice and destructive outcomes of widely held beliefs should take Christians back to the text to consider a different perspective, one which might better reflect the heart of God.
While some Christians say that the Bible presents a variety of hard teachings as well as promising suffering for followers of Jesus Matthew , it never endorses oppression. In order for suffering to be Christ-like, it must be redemptive.
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